在日常表達中,我們有時需要提出否定的觀點或表達某種特殊的語氣,這時可能就會用到否定形式。恰當?shù)卣莆蘸瓦\用否定句能使我們更準確地表達觀點和情感。本文重點探討它的構(gòu)成和用法。
一.否定結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
1.由比較直觀的否定詞no, not, never, none, neither/nor, without等在句中表示否定意義。如:
There is no need to worry about him. 沒有必要為他擔心。
She left home without telling her parents. .她沒有和父母說一聲就離了家。
2.用含否定前綴或后綴的詞表示否定,常見的否定前綴有:no-, un-, dis- , im- , ir , il- , non-。常見的表示否定的后綴有:-less, -free , -proof 等。如:
Nobody enjoys being laughed at in public by others. 沒有喜歡在公眾場合被人取笑。
I looked around, but the man was nowhere to be seen. 我朝四周看了一下,但哪兒也看不到那人了。
It is a newly built ice-free harbor. 它是新建的不凍海港。
3.運用其它隱性否定詞來表達否定意義。常見的有:few沒幾個, little很少, unless除非, instead of代替;而不, seldom很少;short of不足; lack of缺少; rather than而不, anything but決不, beyond等。
He would rather die than see any harm come to Pip. 他寧死也不愿看到皮普受到傷害。
He is anything but a writer. 他決不是一個作家。
The new park is beautiful beyond description. 這個新公園美得無法形容。
4.非謂語動詞的否定
非謂語動詞表示否定時通常在對應的非謂語動詞之前加not (never)。如:not to do; not doing, not done, not having done等。如:
Mum told me not /never to play tricks on others. 媽媽叫我不要捉弄別人。
Tom’s not having finished his homework made the teacher angry. 湯姆沒有做作業(yè)讓老師生氣。
Not having accomplished the task, they had to work overtime. 沒有完成任務,他們只好加班。
5. 在動詞think, believe, suppose, hope, expect等后可以用not來代替上文已出現(xiàn)過的賓語從句。如:
—Do you think it will rain this afternoon? 你認為今天下午會下雨嗎?
—I hope not. We have an important football match. 希望沒有雨,我們有個重要的球賽呢。
注意:I think(believe / suppose) not也可說成:I don’t think ( believe / suppose )so,但hope和expect等其它動詞只能說:I hope / expect not. 不能說:I don’t hope /expect so.
二.否定結(jié)構(gòu)的注意點:
1.當主句主語為第一人稱(I, We) 時,謂語動詞為think, believe, suppose時,其賓語從句的否定應當轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,而構(gòu)成反意疑問句時應根據(jù)從句的主謂來反問。如:
I don’t think it is a waste of time to discuss about it again, is it?
我認為再討論這事是浪費時間,你說呢?
2.否定疑問句是將助動詞與not的縮寫形式提到句首而構(gòu)成的疑問句,它可以表示驚訝、感嘆、不滿等較強的感情色彩。如:
Look at the flowers! Aren’t they beautiful? 看那些花!多美?。。ǜ袊@)
Haven’t I told you not to be late again? 難道我沒告訴過你不要再遲到嗎?(不滿)
Aren’t all balls round in the
3.雙重否定表示肯定意義。
雙重否定是指在同一個句子出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞,這時它表示的意義比肯定句更強烈。常見結(jié)構(gòu)有:no/not…without; no/none…but, can’t (help) but等。如:
There is no life without water. 有水才有生命。
There are no people but wishes for happiness. 人人都渴望幸福。
We couldn’t (help) but wait for him at the bus station. 我們只好在車站等他。
4.表示否定意義的代詞和副詞(短語)位于句首時,句中主謂要倒裝,這類詞語有:not until; never, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, nothing, in no case, on no account, by no means等。如:
Not until he told me did I know his name. 直到他告訴我,我才知道他的名字。
Hardly had he sat down when the bell rang for class. 他剛一坐下,上課鈴就響了。
5.表示全部意義的詞all,both,every,everything,everybody,everywhere,always,often,completely,wholly,entirely,all the time等與not 連用時,也表示部分否定。
Not all the people agreed to the plan. = All the people didn’t agree to the plan.
不是所有的人都贊成這項計劃。(只有部分人同意)
若表示全部否定,則用對應的否定詞,如:all – none; both – neither; everyone – no one; everything – nothing; always – never; both…and…- neither…nor…等。如:
No one in our class has seen the film. 我們班沒有人看過這部電影。
Neither I nor Jim was present from the meeting yesterday. 吉姆和我昨天都沒有去開會。
6.can’t 與比較級或too連用時,不表否定而是肯定意義。如:
You can’t praise him too much. 你再怎么表揚他也不為過分。
You can’t be too careful when crossing the street. 過馬路時越小心越好。
7.句型 too… to…常表示否定之意“太……而不能……”。 如:
The old man was too excited to say a word. 老人激動得說不出話來。
但若為“(only)too+ adj. (glad / pleased / happy)+ to…”結(jié)構(gòu),則表示肯定意義。如:
She was only too glad to be invited to the party. 她受到邀請參加聚會太高興了。
8.連詞since后接瞬間性動詞時表示“自……以來”,而since后接延續(xù)性動詞時,通常譯為“自……不……以來”。試比較:
It is ten years since my father began to smoke. 我父親吸煙有十年了。(since+瞬間動詞began)
It is ten years since my father smoked. 我父親不吸煙有十年了。(since+延續(xù)性動詞smoked)
9.句型“prevent, keep, stop +賓語+from doing” 中from doing表示否定、禁做的事情。如:
We should prevent such mistakes from being made again. 我們要防止再犯這類錯誤。
短語warn sb. against doing sth. “警告某人不要做某事”,介詞against也表示否定意義。該句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換為warn sb. not to do sth。如:
The parents warned their son against playing with fire.(=…not to play with fire)
父母告誡他們的兒子不要玩火。
同學們,看來想說“不”也并非一件容易的事,以上的否定表達,你都會了嗎?